Annotated Bibliography Formatting and Style

Annotated Bibliography: An Overview So what is an annotated bibliography? In simple terms, an annotated bibliography APA or an annotated bibliography MLA is a bibliography that contains annotations. Annotations may include a critique of the author you have cited, a summary of their work, and the factuality of the source plus a discussion on whether the content is essential to your research. An annotated bibliography is vital to students as it helps them perfect some of their academic skills. Since you are required to provide a summary of the work you used as a source, it forces you to go through the entire journal, article or essay to have a clue of what you are writing about. It improves your knowledge this way. The information you put in also needs to be evaluated to know if it is credible. Your analytical skills improve by doing this often. Look for information that is useful for your assignment to be sensible. Your research skills also get refined as you are required to look for information from various sources, no t only the ones you find online but also books in the library. An APA annotated bibliography or an MLA annotated bibliography is also a time saver when it comes to assignments. It is easier to remember sources if you only cite two or three of them. Conducting thorough research goes a long way in improving the quality of your assignment. It is advisable to write down all the sources you think you will need in writing your annotated bibliography MLA or annotated bibliography APA. Some of the things to jot down include the author's credibility, arguments, your opinion on the usefulness of the author in your research, quotes and points to include in your paper, and the initial ideas of the source. How to Write an Annotated Bibliography Annotated bibliographies differ in writing, some contain informative annotations while others only include a primary summary. However, there is an annotated bibliography maker that some websites provide. Most MLA or APA bibliography format annotations, however, contain a variety of elements, and the number of words also differs. Depending on your tutor's preferences, you may be asked to write either an APA annotated bibliography or an MLA annotated bibliography. The next step is to summarize the main ideas that the author has. It is so that someone else can read it and be able to grasp what it is about entirely. Do not be biased and let your feelings towards the source show in your writing, be objective in what you say. After that, evaluate the author and tell the reader how the source fits into your research paper. Ask yourself some questions to come up with a compelling critique on the same. But for those who are only practicing writing annotated bibliography, small bits make it mo re straightforward. Examples of APA Annotated Bibliography and MLA Annotated Bibliography Writing your annotated bibliography example in either MLA or APA bibliography format is the most common. They do not have significant differences, but we shall look at both of them to get it. APA Style Bernard, K. (2007). Child poverty: The Impact and Evolution of child benefits. In Catherine, K., Howard, P. C. (Els), (pp. 21-44). Kevin Bernard bases his study on a widely published policy analysis plus documents of the government in explaining the benefits of children in Canada. He impresses upon readers that it is their responsibility as members of the society to bring up children by outlining some assumptions. By comparing Canadian children to others in different countries, he opens the eyes of those who assume that children in Canada are protected from lacking anything and that they fair better than others. He defends the National Child Benefit from the criticism of journalists and politicians. The author points out the benefits, development, and cost that the organization has assisted in, including its contributions to a recipient's income. He further states that the government chose an inferior policy, the Universal Child Care Benefit, while scaling back on the NCB. His main shortcoming is that he cites most of his works and is the primary writer of over half the sources in his bibliography. He could stre ngthen his argument by drawing from other sources that relate to his research. He does not offer useful sources for his work as the government documents he uses are already available to parents. MLA Format Example Bernard, Kevin. "The Impact and Evolution of Child Benefits.". Ed. Catherine and R.Brian Howard. Bernard closely studies government documents and his research to come up with conclusions on child benefit programs in Canada. He uses assumptions that people accept fundamentally to argue that all members of the society should contribute to the upbringing of a child. In comparison, Canada is not doing as well as people would like to think when it comes to the protection of children. According to him, the National Child Benefit did not deserve the criticism it got from both journalists and politicians. Bernard points out the benefits that NCB has brought to the society in general as well as individuals. According to him, it's the government's fault for scaling down on NCB and preferring the Universal Child Care Benefit which is the inferior policy. However, half of the sources he sites in his bibliography are his own, making his conclusion weak. He should at least include references from other authors to make his essay stronger. There is a chapter that gives a thorough analysis of go vernment-funded assistance offered to parents, making it a valuable source. It assists in examining the financial reality of poverty that Canadian children are facing. Conclusion Before embarking on the journey of writing, a student should be familiar with what is an annotated bibliography. When you use an annotated bibliography, it helps you become a better researcher. It challenges you to go through the source material carefully and then come up with an insightful summary of the same. You will also be required to state the arguments that the author raises using your own words thus improving you paraphrasing technique. An annotated bibliography saves you a lot of time, although going through each source, reading all the information contained in them, and making annotations sounds tiresome. Once you complete your annotated bibliography, it remains in your mind, and you never have to read through the entire source material again. You can also use free annotated bibliography maker available online. The information that you have read can be used in future assignments as you are now conversant with most of the content, hence, it becomes easier and faster writing your article. Feel free to use the annotated bibliography example provided in this article.

Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essays

Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essays Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essay Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essay If we can non get down to hold on the basicss, such as the riddance of the most opprobrious signifiers of kid labour, so we truly are non ready to process frontward into the hereafter is a quotation mark taken from Alexis Herman, She is the 23rd US Secretary of Labor, functioning under President Bill Clinton. What does Mining industries comes to a individual s head when it is being discussed about it? Mining industries is fundamentally a sector where skillful and good trained labourers were being hired by corporations to delve up assorted cherished elements found in the mines and to sell or treat them with a net income. Furthermore, labourers are being supervised consequently to the stringent safety ordinances being enforced by the Labor Organization. However, this is merely a portion of the narrative being told. In the current competitory society, engaging adept good trained labourers is expensive ; hence, corporations need to happen an alternate path to cut down their outgo cost su ch as avoiding paying assorted legally-mandated societal security fees on their employees behalf includes wellness and personal insurance to keep profitableness ( Patrinos, 2007 ) . As a consequence, kid development in gold excavation industries emerges. Child development in excavation industry is an international celebrated job and it is being described as minor kid bush leagues whom are being forced or voluntarily work for inconsiderate greedy corporations merely to gain extra income to back up their household who are in poorness province. Furthermore, it is besides being illustrate as work that will strip kids of their childhood, their possible, interferes with their ability to go to regular school Sessionss and their self-respect, and which are harmful to their physical and mental development ( International Labour Organization, n.d ) . Through child labour in excavation industries, these kids will finally larn how to go more independent, mature every bit good as productive. Although it may be true that these kids can besides larn how to go independent, mature every bit good as productive by merely go toing schools, nevertheless, by talking from a realistic base point, these kids who are involved in child labour are largely derived from hapless families where their parents whom are incapable in affording to pay tuitions fees, books, uniforms, composing stuffs and transit to school for their kids. In add-on, some kids are forced to jump school as they have to work to gain extra income to feed themselves and their households. Through working, even from a really immature age, these kids will be able to someway be productive with the work that they carry out. For illustration, a kid who works in a gold excavation sector does non merely larn how to distinguish existent gold metal bars from normal pebbles and runing sophi sticated machinery but the kids will besides be able to gain money for themselves and their household as good. Furthermore, these kids who work will besides hold the chance to larn how to be mature and independent because they will finally go used to work on their ain. The endurance of many households particularly in hapless states is entirely depends on their working kids which play an indispensable function to keep their survivability to gain excess income merely to feed their empty tummies. Furthermore, kids are forced to drop out of school by their parents due to their increasing load as they need money to buy nutrients and other basic necessities to keep their endurance. Harmonizing to the International Labor Organization, We have to acquire to the root of kid labour which is linked with poorness and deficiency of decent and productive work ( Tubeza, 2012 ) . Poverty is one of the major root causes of child development and this is on the many grounds why kids at a immature age are needed to work. In add-on, why child labour in excavation industries could be something good is because of boycotts made against the Torahs which were created to forestall child labour from go oning may take to other greater effects such as harming the kids alternatively of assisting them. Unicef stated that an about of 100,000 kids lost their occupations in the excavation industries across Africa and other states ( Mottaz, 2006 ) . Therefore this causes many kids to get more unsafe occupations such as drug smuggling, child harlotry and other occupations that are more exploitatory than their old excavation industries occupation. Child labour in mining industries may seems to be good to some of the kids, but nevertheless, it deprives kids of their childhood, their possible, interferes with their ability to go to regular school Sessionss and their self-respect, and which are harmful to their physical and mental development ( International Labour Organization, n.d ) . These kids which involved in kid labour have the inclination to be withdrawn from a normal and happy life style of a childhood as they have no or unequal clip to bask the activities that immature kids normally do such as playing, go toing schools, or heightening their endowments through school with proper counsel. Additionally, playing and holding a proper instruction are merely one of the few rights given to kids that consideration should be given to, therefore striping kids from their childhood and potencies literally means go againsting their rights as kids, to travel against their self-respect every bit good as their freedom. Children may larn how to go independent, mature and productive through child labour in excavation industries but there are other more modern-day ways in larning it such as through proper counsel from their parents and go toing schools. Furthermore, a smattering of kids involved in kid excavation are non even at their legal working age, which includes kids between the ages of 15 to 17 old ages old ( Mottaz, 2006 ) . Countless figure of these hapless kids may be forced to work for the interest to guarantee the survivability of their household members ; hence this is the portion where the authorities plays an of import function in implementing rigorous statute law and policies to protect these kids. Awareness undertakings every bit good as contribution thrust is besides one of the extremely applause events that authorities can lend to the society. It may be true that statute law and policies enforced by the authorities could forestall child labour in mining industries from emerging but it may take kids to carry on a much more unsafe work that they have done before otherwise. The authorities should vouch a better and brighter hereafter for these kids in add-on to the creative activity and enforcing of statute law and policies that kerb kid labour in excavation industries. If the authorities provides Non-profit Organization which aid and supply better benefits to the kids of kid labour, possibly it might be possible that kids will halt from making these unsafe plants. Despite the facts that child labour in mining industries teaches kids to be independent, mature and productive, child labour is besides an indispensable factor for the endurance of many hapless family households and the statute law and policies made by the authorities which prevent kid labour in excavation industries causes kids to be involved in work which are more unsafe than they have been through earlier. Therefore child labour deprives kids from their childhood, their possible every bit good as their self-respect. All in all, I unfeignedly believe everyone is born with a modest bosom ; therefore we must unify and assist one another to battle and extinguish child labour every bit shortly as possible. We besides must hold the courtesy to lend at least something to the society such as by giving out contributions, take parting in societal events such as flash rabble to make more consciousness to the populace. Let us work together to salvage these hapless immature psyches and supply them with a better and brighter hereafter for these kids which will finally convey hope to our universe.

Bayesian Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Bayesian Networks - Essay Example BNs are graphical models that set probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. They depict the relationships between causes and effects. The BNs are strong knowledge representation and reasoning tool under conditions of uncertainty. The BNs are a directed acyclic graph having nodes and arcs with a conditional probability distribution linked for each node. Nodes stand for domain variables, and arcs between nodes stand for probabilistic dependencies. Set of nodes and a set of directed links between them must not form a cycle. Each node represents a random variable that can take discrete or continuous finite, mutually exclusive values. These values depend on a probability distribution, which can be different for each node. Each link states probabilistic cause-effect relations among the linked variables. A link is shown by an arc starting from the affecting variable (parent node) and ending on the affected variable (child node). We will use BNs to represent risk. For example, Figure 3.1 shows BN for "Decreased profits" risk. By linking together different risks we can model multiple risks in a project and we will look at this property in Chapter 5. Bayes' Theorem was developed after Rev. Thomas Bayes, an 18th century mathematician and theologian. Bayes set out his theory of probability in Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1764. Richard Price, a friend of Bayes' sent the paper to the Royal Society and wrote: I now send you an essay which I have found among the papers of our deceased friend Mr Bayes, and which, in my opinion, has great merit... In an introduction which he has writ to this Essay, he says, that his design at first in thinking on the subject of it was, to find out a method by which we might judge concerning the probability that an event has to happen, in given circumstances, upon supposition that we know nothing concerning it but that, under the same circumstances, it has happened a certain number of times, and failed a certain other number of times. (Hogben 1970) Laplace accepted Bayes's results in a 1781 memoir and Condorcet rediscovered them (as Laplace mentions). They stayed accepted until Boole doubted them in the Laws of Thought . Mathematically Bayes theorem is stated as: Where it is possible to update our belief in hypothesis H given the additional evidence E. The left-hand term, P(H|E) is known as the "posterior probability," or the probability of H after considering the effect of E. The term P(H) is called the "prior probability" of H. The term P(E|H) is called the "likelihood" and gives the probability of the evidence assuming the hypothesis H is true. Finally, the last term P(E) is free of H and can be viewed as a normalizing or scaling factor. The power of Bayes' theorem is that in many situations where we actually want to calculate p(H|E) it turns out that it is hard to do so directly, yet we might have direct information about the likelihood, p(E|H). Bayes' theorem allows us to calculate p(H|E) in terms of p(E|H). 1.3 The Bayesian Approach to Probability and Statistics Understanding of the Bayesian method to probability and statistics helps to know BNs and related learning techniques. The